Stand By Your Ad Disclaimers on Political Ads

Stand By Your Ad Disclaimers on Political Ads If youve watched television or paid attention to your mail in an election year, chances are youve seen or heard one of those political ad disclaimers. They come in many different varieties, but the most common is a straightforward declaration by the candidate who sponsored the ad: I approve this message. So why do candidates for Congress and president say those words, which mostly state the obvious? Theyre required to. Federal campaign finance rules require political candidates and special-interest groups to disclose who paid  for the political advertisement.  So when Barack Obama appeared in a campaign commercial during the 2012 presidential election, he was required to state: Im Barack Obama and I approve this message. The political ad disclaimers have done little to bring transparency to many of the most negative political ads, though - those launched by super PACs and other shadowy special interest who specialize using dark money to influence voters. The rules also dont apply to political ads on social media. Studies have shown the disclaimers have done little to make campaigns more positive because candidates are increasingly brazen, coarse and unafraid to throw mud on their opponents, even if the claims are dubious and unsubstantiated. Origins of Stand By Your Ad Law The law that requires candidates to state I approve this message is commonly referred to as Stand By Your Ad. It is an important component of the  Bipartisan  Campaign Finance Reform Act of 2002, a sweeping statutory effort to regulate the financing of federal political campaigns. The first ads to contain the Stand By Your Ad disclaimers appeared in the 2004 congressional and presidential elections. The phrase I approve this message has been in use ever since. The Stand By Your Ad rule was designed to cut down on the number of negative and misleading advertisements by forcing political candidates to own up to the claims they make on television, radio and in print. Lawmakers believed many political candidates would not want to be associated with mudslinging for fear of alienating voters. I will bet this: there will be moments in the studios when the candidates say to the producers of the ads, Ill be damned if Im going to put my face on that, said Democratic Sen. Dick Durbin of Illinois, who was instrumental in getting the provision signed into law. Examples of Political Ad Disclaimers The Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act requires political candidates to use the following statements to comply with the Stand By Your Ad provision: I am [Candidate Name], a candidate for [office sought], and I approved this advertisement. Or:   My name is [Candidate Name]. I am running for [office sought], and I approved this message. The Federal Election Commission also requires television ads to include a view or image of the candidate and a written statement at the end of the communication. Political campaigns have gotten creative about circumventing the regulations, though. Some candidates now go well beyond the standard I approve this message disclaimer to attack their opponents. For example, in the 2006 congressional race between Republican U.S.  Rep. Marilyn Musgrave and Democratic challenger  Angie Paccione,  Paccione used the required disclaimer to go negative on the incumbent: Im Angie Paccione,  and I approve this message because if Marilyn keeps lying about my record, Ill keep telling the truth about hers. In a New Jersey Senate race that year, Republican Tom Kean inferred that his Republican opponent was corrupt by  using  this line to fulfill the disclosure requirement: Im Tom Kean Jr. Together, we can break the back of corruption. Thats why I approved this message. Stand By Your Ad Doesnt Really Work In a 2005 study, the  Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress found that the  Stand By Your Ad rule had no effect on respondents levels of trust in candidates or the ads themselves.   Bradley A. Smith, a professor at  Capital University Law School in Columbus, Ohio, and chairman of the Center for Competitive Politics, wrote in National Affairs that Stand By Your Ad was having negative effects on the political process: The provision has failed miserably to curb negative campaigning. In 2008, for example, researchers at the University of Wisconsin found that more than 60% of Barack Obamas ads, and more than 70% of ads for John McCain - that great crusader for restoring integrity to our politics - were negative. Meanwhile, the required statement takes up almost 10% of every costly 30-second ad - reducing a candidates ability to say anything of substance to voters. Research has also found that Stand By Your Ad has boosted the credibility of attack ads, having the opposite effect intended under the law. Researchers at the University of California-Berkeley’s Haas School of Business found that â€Å"the tagline, far from disincentivizing negativity in advertising, has actually made it surprisingly effective,† according to study co-author Clayton Critcher.

Systematic and Systemic

Systematic and Systemic Systematic and Systemic Systematic and Systemic By Maeve Maddox Mark, one of our readers, requests a discussion of the difference between systematic and systemic. Both adjectives derive from the noun system which, in late Latin, meant a musical interval, that is, a difference in pitch between two notes. While retaining its original meaning, the Latin word came to mean, in addition: a union of several metres into a whole, the universe, body of the articles of faith, an organized whole, government, constitution, and a body of men or animals systematic [sis tuh MA tik] In its most common use by the general speaker and writer, the adjective systematic means Arranged or conducted according to a system, plan, or organized method. A novelist, for example, may have a systematic method of organizing note cards. More specialized meanings of systematic occur in the writings of philosophers, statisticians, and biologists, as the following examples from the OED illustrate: Logic: When the same words are used in sentences which express different kinds of propositions, yet in each case the usage is significant, then these words are said to have ‘systematic ambiguity’ This ambiguity is systematic because it can be formulated according to a rule. Statistics: an error with a non-zero mean, so that its effect is not reduced when observations are averaged. Natural history: Pertaining to, following, or arranged according to a system of classification; of or pertaining to classification, classificatory. systemic [sis TEM ik] Note: Beware the pronunciation. I once heard a radio reporter pronounce it as sus tee mik.) The adjective systemic is chiefly a scientific term meaning belonging to, supplying, or affecting the system or body as a whole. It is often used to refer to a condition that affects the nervous system in particular. Read the labels on your gardening supplies. If your herbicide, insecticide, or fungicide is described as systemic, it kills the pest youre after by entering its system and making its way throughout the plants or animals tissues. In 1961 M. A. K. Halliday came up with the term systemic grammar to describe a method of linguistic analysis. The rationale for the use of systemic instead of systematic in this instance eludes me, but then, so does the meaning of this OED example which records the use of the expression: The grammar that assigns to sentences structures like the one in Fig. 1 is generative fusion of elements of American-style immediate-constituent analysis, European-style dependency theory, and British-style systemic grammar. Unless you are referring to an organism, you probably want the word systematic. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Capitalize Animal and Plant NamesLatin Plural EndingsKn- Words in English

Analyzing of Organs for Sale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analyzing of Organs for Sale - Essay Example Paying people for offering their kidneys would increase donors and this would save lives as opposed to waiting and wishing to get people to donate their kidneys voluntarily at no cost. The author poses a great question to support her argument that, if it is legal and right to pay men for giving out or donating sperm, why then is it hard to pay people for donating kidney? This question helps readers to think critically about why it would be great to donate body organs to save the society. The author concludes her article that, legalizing organ selling would benefit the society by saving thousands of lives. Overall, the article is great in content as the author does an outstanding job at giving facts to reinforce her points and convince readers why they should believe in her argument. The article creates a platform for readers to understand various benefits that would emerge in a society if the government regulated and emulated organ selling. This would save lives and eradicate the high rate of poverty especially in third world countries. From these points, it is evident that organ selling would be profitable for health and economic purposes. Additionally, the article is well-written and documented with facts that many people suffer from kidney disorders. For instance, the article highlights that over 300, 000 Americans suffer from kidney disorder. Unfortunately, most victims die since there are no drugs that revive a damaged kidney rather than replacing another kidney. At this point, the author argues that kidney transplantation is the best option to cure the disorder since it is reli able and safer than other treatment that may negatively affect the patients’ body. These facts outlay the benefits of kidney transplantation and why many people should opt for the idea. In great thoughts, the author uses facts to support her argument. For instance, she brings into attention that there is a surplus of kidneys especially in third countries

Lorem Ipsum Paper Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lorem Ipsum Paper - Coursework Example Nulla ac arcu non augue congue pulvinar. Sed ut libero lacus, vel varius nisl. Phasellus sit amet tempus nunc. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Mauris eu magna ipsum, quis vehicula ante. Nam blandit blandit arcu ut faucibus. Donec erat velit, vehicula vel fringilla at, pretium nec dui. Aenean velit mauris, fermentum vitae sagittis eu, elementum eu nisl. Pellentesque nisi velit, cursus non sollicitudin ut, euismod eu odio. Fusce ultrices lorem vel nibh volutpat ac pulvinar sem pretium. Aliquam scelerisque aliquet ipsum, vitae luctus turpis rutrum vel. Proin eu lectus velit, vitae aliquam elit. Etiam in massa quam. â€Å"The name ’Bluetooth’ reflects the Scandinavian origins of the technology1. It is named after a 10th century Danish viking, King Harald Blatand (translating as 'Bluetooth' in English). He united and controlled Denmark and Norway, hence the association of uniting devices through Bluetooth. Legend has i t that he liked eating blueberries - so much that his teeth became stained with the colour of the fruit, giving rise to his name!† (Stucken, 2010) Sed euismod, ipsum pretium congue fermentum, nibh est blandit lacus, a venenatis magna mi eget nibh. Mauris accumsan, dui vitae aliquet dapibus, enim dui vestibulum velit, vel rhoncus metus urna sed neque. Quisque rhoncus lorem at felis blandit vestibulum interdum erat pellentesque. Donec eget felis nisi, et feugiat turpis. Sed vitae velit sed augue lobortis consequat. Mauris at euismod dolor. Etiam condimentum ullamcorper faucibus. Vivamus viverra, metus sit amet porta pharetra, augue diam molestie erat, in euismod turpis lacus non enim. Mauris eget sapien orci. Praesent sit amet nibh dui. Phasellus non dignissim lectus. Fusce faucibus erat et mi varius rhoncus. Equation 1: Population mean 1 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Morbi scelerisque, turpis sit amet rutrum porttitor, dui elit pulvinar augue, quis ve hicula eros massa non augue. Duis ac tellus at nulla consectetur viverra. Fusce vehicula mauris eget dolor molestie tincidunt. Duis sollicitudin sem vel dui malesuada facilisis. Suspendisse convallis auctor risus, eget mattis ipsum eleifend sit amet. Maecenas dictum dui at metus suscipit scelerisque. Donec sed est eu neque dictum gravida sed vitae tellus. Maecenas vitae nisl eget justo ultrices ornare. Vivamus lectus elit, ultrices in cursus in, malesuada ac tellus. Ut vel fermentum sem. Maecenas ullamcorper odio vitae justo consectetur tristique. The technology, named after a 1000 year old king of Denmark, is one of its kinds (Mitchell, 2012). Curabitur blandit, nunc eu ornare pulvinar, eros urna auctor nisl, nec ornare dui ipsum id tellus. Morbi lobortis congue diam at imperdiet. Phasellus tempus tincidunt justo id feugiat. Proin sit amet nisi lacus, vel facilisis turpis. In molestie sagittis ullamcorper. Donec at dui erat. Donec luctus interdum malesuada. Ut tincidunt sollicitudi n massa quis suscipit. Suspendisse quis augue eget mi aliquet ornare at vitae est. Mauris lobortis turpis pharetra metus commodo sed viverra neque facilisis. Curabitur lobortis dolor dui, sed semper nisl. Pellentesque condimentum quam et erat imperdiet ultricies blandit est rutrum. Ut pulvinar augue in velit pellentesque ornare at quis ligula. Curabitur vitae molestie lacus. Nunc interdum orci nec nulla tincidunt consectetur. Vivamus scelerisque accumsan quam, et suscipit mauris rutrum id. Proin malesuada, lacus nec

Formal complain letter Essay Example for Free

Formal complain letter Essay Dear Director,We are residing at Old stockage room 5304. One of our housemate (5304-1) is very inconsiderate. She switches on the TV very loud (TV just beside my room) and the volume is deafening. Even one of my roommates room (5304-5), which is situated near the main door can hear the noise. She also always turns on her loud speakers enjoying the music without closing her door. Besides, in the middle of the night, this girl will go into the guy room (5304-2) situated in between my room (5304-4) and room (5304-2). There will be noise and loud laughter in the middle of the night. My (5304-2) roommate and I had told them and requested them to lower their noise level but they just continue and ignored us. These have affected our sleep and also our mood. Sometimes, the next day, she purposely switched on the music in her room even louder without even closing the door. Furthermore, she also caused danger to other roommates by leaving the place and turning on the microwave for more than 45mins. One of the roommates had to turn off the microwave because there was a strong plastic burning smell. We already had a discussion with a resident advisor early in the semester regarding the mess and the noise level (first complaint by one of my roommate). The situation got better but subsequently, the noise level came back. For your information, we had tolerated them throughout last and this semester and had given her plenty of chances. Should this matter not be solved, it is really unfair and injustice for us who also pay rent to endure her unreasonable acts of behavior. It has come to a point that we want her to leave and do not wish to give her any more chances. We had too many assignments, reports and our exams are around the corner. We wouldnt want to spend our precious time dealing with her during our exams (affect our studies). We would appreciate if you can take the necessary actions against this person (5304-1) because we give up dealing with her.

The Two Personalities of Raskolnikov in Dostoevskys Crime and Punishm

The Two Personalities of Raskolnikov in Crime and Punishment Raskolnikov, the main character of the novel Crime and Punishment by Feodor Dostoevsky, actually possesses two completely contradicting personalities. One part of him is intellectual: cold, unfeeling, inhumane, and exhibiting tremendous self-will. It is this side of him that enables him to commit the most terrible crime imaginable - taking another human life. The other part of his personality is warm and compassionate. This side of him   does charitable acts and fights against the evil in his society.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The confusion in Raskolnikov’s soul is best seen when he tries to help a girl in the street who has been raped and left to the whims of whoever may find her. Raskolnikov tries to protect her from the evil of the street, but then stops himself when he is repulsed by the wickedness of his society. Why did I take it upon myself to interfere? Was it for me to try to help? Let them eat one another alive - what is it to me? ***IF THIS IS A QUOTE, IT SHOULD BE PLACED IN QUOTATION MARKS*** At one time, Ra...

Results and Conclusion of the Research Process Essay

Applying the Results and Conclusion of the Research Process in Health Care In what way are the data collection procedures appropriate for this study? The data collection method that was used for this study was surveys and interview that was conducted with a pregnant or a parenting teen who was either pregnant or who gave birth to babies within two years prior to the dates of interviews. The individual interview method with the students was the primary method for collecting qualitative data. The data collection procedures were appropriate because the data information [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voice from the Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] from direct interaction with individuals that was one to one basis or face to face. Although the interview methods were time-consuming, the information was more affluent and provided deeper insight. Data preparation involves checking or logging the data in; checking the data for accuracy; entering the data into the computer; transforming the data, and developing and documenting a database structure that integrates the various measures In what way were appropriate steps taken to protect the rights of subjects? Potential research questions can give informed consent only if they have all the information about the study they need to decide whether to participate. Informed consent respects each’s right to make choices. Only after consent was obtained [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voice from the  Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] , an interview was conducted. The survey was conducted [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voice from the Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] with the full cooperation of the Laurence Paquin School authority and the Baltimore Public School System. All subjects participated and completed the interviews on a voluntary basis. An incentive of $15 was provided [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voic e from the Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] to each subject for participation in the survey In what way is the data collection tool used to support the reliability and validity of the study? The data for the present study came from a survey of a sample of African American girls pregnant and/or parenting teens during the period 2000 and 2001 from the alternative school, and a sample of comparable pregnant/or parenting teens who became pregnant while attending regular public schools within Baltimore Public School System, but did not attend any alternative comprehensive school for pregnant teens [A sentence as long as this (more than 50 words) can be confusing because the main idea is covered with additional information or because of changes and turns of logic or ideas. Cut the sentence into smaller sentences, each dealing with one idea.] . Surveys are widely used in education research, particularly in descriptive research studies. Once all of the participants had completed the study measures, and all of the data has been collected, the researcher prepared the data to be analyzed. Organizing the data correctly would save a lot of time and prevent mistakes. Most researchers choose to use a database or statistical analysis program that they can format to fit their needs in order to organize their data effectively (â€Å"A Study of An Alternative School  for Pregnant and/or Parenting Teens: Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence,† 2006. In what ways are the data analysis procedures appropriate for the data collected? The data analysis methods that was used in this study was appropriate because the researchers were collecting data from a sample of enrollees of such a school-based comprehensive program and comparing them with data collected from a sample of non-enrollees, the study systematically evaluates the program. Performing any accurate or similar operations needed to get quantitative information ready for analysis. This study used information that was gathered [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voice from the Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] from their interviews and entered numerical observation into a chart, table, and spreadsheet that could be used for analysis. In what ways are the data analysis procedures appropriate for answering the research question or questions, for testing the study hypothesis or hypotheses, or both? In order for the researchers to performed multivariate analysis they use comparison charts based on information gathered from the surveys and interviews in order to find the hypothesis of the Paquin School enrollment versus the public school systems. The results of the analysis of school grade point average, intention to complete 12th grade, aspiration for college education, practice of breastfeeding at any time, future intention to breastfeed, current use of any contraceptive methods, and present use of Depo- Provera. There were focus groups that provided data charts that also exhibits the results of the analyses of lengths of gestation and birth weights of babies born to the teens by least square regression models in each of the dependent variables—school grade point average, aspiration to complete 12th grade, aspiration for college education, and current contraceptive use, Identify the strengths of the scientific merit of this study. What are weaknesses? Unlike numbers or â€Å"firm data,† qualitative information has a tendency to be â€Å"lenient,† which means it cannot always be condensed [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more  vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voice from the Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] to something certain. That is in some ways a weakness, but it is also a strength. The numbers from observation may tell you how well the pregnant teen or teen parents did in either school but the look on their face on graduation day or the satisfaction on the healthy baby’s faces may tell you even more about the effect of the results on them. That look cannot be translated [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voice from the Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] into a number. That interpretation may be far more valuable in helping that student succeed than knowing her statistical stance in a study. What are the key distinctions between qualitative and quantitative data? The study design that is used [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voice from the Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] in this study is a systematic review and a meta-analysis view. The difference between a systematic review and a meta-analysis is that a systematic review looks at the whole picture (qualitative view) while a meta-analysis looks at the particular statistical picture (quantitative view). This is a study of an alternative school for pregnant and parenting teens demonstrating quantitative and qualitative evidence. Conclusion In conclusion [Add comma here for clarity or to offset an afterthought from the rest of the sentence] the finding from this study is that the components of a school-based comprehensive program may provide multiple  opportunities to solve the multiple problems faced by the pregnant and parenting teens, thereby minimizing missed opportunities to serve them effectively. This is also consistent with the notion that school continuation and other facets of well-being of the teens and their children are highly related, and that better utilization of an integrated range of health, educational, and social services will follow improved academic achievement, enlarged employment opportunities, and a brighter sense of the future. The finding of the study does support the hypotheses. Availability of these services decreases not only the adverse consequences of teenage pregnancy and parenthood among the teenagers, but also adverse financial, and human resources cost to the society. The focus group sessions with the teenagers demonstrate the enormous odds that pregnant adolescents face when they become pregnant. Many of the problems seem to be beyond the capacity of the teenagers’ low-income families to handle on their own, let alone the capacity of the teenagers themselves. Therefore, policy planners and program administrators should develop strategies to foster inter-agency or interdepartmental collaborations and funding’s to encourage and assist school districts in planning and initiating, or strengthening, comprehensive school-based alternative programs to deal with the multiple problems faced by pregnant teens from disadvantaged backgrounds. [Please check the Reference and Citation Examples document in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for examples of correct formatting. Then carefully check your citations and references to be sure that they are formatted correctly.The hanging indent is backwards] References A Study of an Alternative School for Pregnant and Parenting Teens: Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence. (2006, April). Springer Science & Business Media, 23(2), 172-195. http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/218371449 A Study of an Alternative School for Pregnant and Parenting Teens: Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence. (2006, April). Springer Science & Business Media, 23(2), 172-195. http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/218371449

Quantitative Article Review

Research Article Critique 1 Running Head: RESEARCH ARTICLE CRITIQUE Research Article Critique of â€Å"The Study of Teacher Perceptions of Instructional Technology Integration in the Classroom† by Lynette Molstad Gorder The purpose of this assignment was to review a peer reviewed journal article that is research based, and is representative of one of the research methodologies we discussed in class. The format of the article has the appearance of a dissertation because it has many of the same components. It starts with an abstract that discusses the main points of the research and the results. After reading the article, I found that the abstract failed to mention that the research was based on teachers who attended a technology course at South Dakota University. After going through a basic and advanced technology course, the teachers were sent a survey to analyze whether those teachers were integrating technology into teaching and learning. The research methodology used in this study were surveys analyzed in a quantitative design. More specifically, two survey instruments were introduced in the article, but only one was used. Both were designed by Mills and Tincher (2003). They describe the Technology Integration Standards Configuration matrix (TISC) as the first tool. This looked at technology as a tool to enhance student learning and a tool for professional productivity. The second tool described by the same designer developed the Technology Integration Matrix (TICM). This tool was more user-friendly and just described what the teacher does and what the students do in a technology outfitted classroom. Later in the article we discover that TICM is survey based on a scale rating; (1)never, (2)seldom, (3)sometimes, (4)often, and (5)always. Using this tool, the author sought to find out to what degree teachers integrate technology into their classroom and into teaching and learning after taking two technology integration classes. Using the survey the study also revealed comparisons of teacher perceptions of uses and integration based on personal characteristics. These characteristics are age, gender, number of years in the teaching field, grade level taught, content area, and education level. The research questions the study offered were 1) How do teachers currently use and integrate technology for teaching and learning in the classroom? ) How do teachers differ in the extent to which they integrate instructional technology based on the characteristics of gender, age, teaching experience, grade level taught, content area, and educational level? The characteristics are considered factors and were compared to the integration of technology in the classroom. The dependent variable in this study is the integration of technol ogy in teaching and learning in the classroom. The independent variable is the basic and advanced training course that teachers took at South Dakota University. Two courses were given at South Dakota University. The subjects for this study were all the students who participated in the two courses. The author used teachers in K-12 who attended both a Basic Technology for Teaching and Learning Academy, and the Advanced Technology for Teaching and Learning Academy at Dakota State University in Madison, South Dakota. A possible issue related to sampling may be that the author used teachers who attended a specific professional development experience. What if the courses did not benefit the students? A survey was mailed to the 300 South Dakota teachers who attended the classes. Of the 300 teachers who took the classes, 174 returned the survey. This was a 58% response rate. As we discussed in class 50% is a good response. The findings were based on the participants use and integration of technology in the classroom for teaching and learning, and the differences in perceptions based on the demographic and personal characteristics. Of the thirteen page article, seven pages were devoted to the findings. Demographic data collected were gender, age, teaching experience, grade level teaching, content area, and educational level. Research question one, â€Å"how do teachers currently use and integrate technology for teaching and learning in the classroom† was divided into three phases. Phase one devoted to professional productivity, phase two devoted to delivering instruction using technology, and phase three devoted to teachers integrating technology into student learning. The results were displayed APA style in a chart that displayed Mean and Standard Deviation. For this question, the findings report that teachers do not integrate technology well for teaching and learning, but do for professional productivity and facilitation of delivery of instruction. The second research question compared technology integration to each characteristic factor. For the first factor of male vs. female, a t-test was used to compare. There was no significant difference in gender and the use or integration of technology. Each factor was compared using a one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance). ANOVA is used when you have factors and a dependent variable. For each of the characteristics or factors a means was displayed for each of the differences of perception regarding, age, years teaching experience, grade level taught, content area, and educational level. From the findings of this analysis, only grade level taught had a significant difference in technology integration and uses. Teachers of Grades 9-12 use and integrate technology into learning more than teachers in lower grades. The study was accurate in their analysis and their findings. The study does not describe the content of the courses the teachers attended at the South Dakota University, or method of delivery. It only supplies the title of the course. References Gorder, L. (2008). A Study of Teacher Perceptions of Instructional Technology Integration in the Classroom. The Delta Pi Epsilon Journal, L (2), 63-76. Mills, S. C. , &Tincher, R. C. (2003) Be the technology: A developmental model for evaluating technology integration. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 35(3), 382-401.

billy bathgate essays

billy bathgate essays Billy Bathgate, is a book of a young boys transition into manhood. It is an amazingly well-written book that intrigued me the entire way through. It starts out in Billys hometown, the Bronx of New York in the twenties; a time of social unrest and prohibition. The apartment building Billy lives in is not the epitome of cleanliness. The streets are littered with papers and loud noises of the trains that go by every hour. Rundown little bungalows and an occasional three-story fake brick building separate the boatyards and factories in Billys neighborhood. Across the street from Billys apartement building is an orphanage which he visits often because of a girl, Rebecca who he screws two times for a dollar. His mother works at a laundromat, washing clothes for a company and has been driven insane by the poverty she lives in. She doesnt really take care of Billy and in essence he learns how to survive in the Bronx with the street smarts he has taught himself. He knows that he has something special; a desire to work and be prosperous that many of the other younger boys do not. He acts older than his age and maybe that is why he catches the eye of Dutch who also lived in the neighborhood and is now rich. Dutch is the leader of a mob that has one of their main warehouses located in the Bronx. All the boys here wish they could become like Dutch; as someone that rose from this dirty place and made a place in the world for themselves. One day, Billy was juggling on the train tracks when he hears someone yell, Hey, boy! He is motioned to come over to Dutch who hands him ten dollars and compliments him on his juggling. This is where the fire in Billy is sparked and he becomes determined to join Dutchs gang. After following and watching around the neighborhood, Billy finds out about another warehouse on Park Avenue and brings a brown paper bag, so he will be allowed to get in...

President John F. Kennedy Gives Man on the Moon Speech

President John F. Kennedy Gives Man on the Moon Speech President John F. Kennedy delivered this speech, Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs, on May 25, 1961 before a joint session of Congress. In this speech, JFK stated that the United States should set as a goal the landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth by the end of the decade. Acknowledging that the Soviets had a head start in their space program, Kennedy urged the U.S. to work diligently to lead the achievements of space travel because in many ways [it] may hold the key to our future on earth. Full Text of the Man on the Moon Speech Given By President John F. Kennedy Mr. Speaker, Mr. Vice President, my copartners in Government, gentlemen-and ladies: The Constitution imposes upon me the obligation to from time to time give to the Congress information of the State of the Union. While this has traditionally been interpreted as an annual affair, this tradition has been broken in extraordinary times. These are extraordinary times. And we face an extraordinary challenge. Our strength as well as our convictions have imposed upon this nation the role of leader in freedoms cause. No role in history could be more difficult or more important. We stand for freedom. That is our conviction for ourselvesthat is our only commitment to others. No friend, no neutral and no adversary should think otherwise. We are not against any manor any nationor any systemexcept as it is hostile to freedom. Nor am I here to present a new military doctrine, bearing any one name or aimed at any one area. I am here to promote the freedom doctrine. I. THE GLOBAL STAGE The great battleground for the defense and expansion of freedom today is the whole southern half of the globeAsia, Latin America, Africa and the Middle Eastthe lands of the rising peoples. Their revolution is the greatest in human history. They seek an end to injustice, tyranny, and exploitation. More than an end, they seek a beginning. And theirs is a revolution which we would support regardless of the Cold War, and regardless of which political or economic route they should choose to freedom. For the adversaries of freedom did not create the revolution; nor did they create the conditions which compel it. But they are seeking to ride the crest of its waveto capture it for themselves. Yet their aggression is more often concealed than open. They have fired no missiles; and their troops are seldom seen. They send arms, agitators, aid, technicians and propaganda to every troubled area. But where fighting is required, it is usually done by othersby guerrillas striking at night, by assassins striking aloneassassins who have taken the lives of four thousand civil officers in the last twelve months in Vietnam aloneby subversives and saboteurs and insurrectionists, who in some cases control whole areas inside of independent nations. [At this point the following paragraph, which appears in the text as signed and transmitted to the Senate and House of Representatives, was omitted in the reading of the message: They possess a powerful intercontinental striking force, large forces for conventional war, a well-trained underground in nearly every country, the power to conscript talent and manpower for any purpose, the capacity for quick decisions, a closed society without dissent or free information, and long experience in the techniques of violence and subversion. They make the most of their scientific successes, their economic progress and their pose as a foe of colonialism and friend of popular revolution. They prey on unstable or unpopular governments, unsealed, or unknown boundaries, unfilled hopes, convulsive change, massive poverty, illiteracy, unrest and frustration.] With these formidable weapons, the adversaries of freedom plan to consolidate their territoryto exploit, to control, and finally to destroy the hopes of the worlds newest nations; and they have ambition to do it before the end of this decade. It is a contest of will and purpose as well as force and violencea battle for minds and souls as well as lives and territory. And in that contest, we cannot stand aside. We stand, as we have always stood from our earliest beginnings, for the independence and equality of all nations. This nation was born of revolution and raised in freedom. And we do not intend to leave an open road for despotism. There is no single simple policy which meets this challenge. Experience has taught us that no one nation has the power or the wisdom to solve all the problems of the world or manage its revolutionary tidesthat extending our commitments does not always increase our securitythat any initiative carries with it the risk of a temporary defeatthat nuclear weapons cannot prevent subversionthat no free people can be kept free without will and energy of their ownand that no two nations or situations are exactly alike. Yet there is much we can doand must do. The proposals I bring before you are numerous and varied. They arise from the host of special opportunities and dangers which have become increasingly clear in recent months. Taken together, I believe that they can mark another step forward in our effort as a people. I am here to ask the help of this Congress and the nation in approving these necessary measures. II. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL PROGRESS AT HOME The first and basic task confronting this nation this year was to turn recession into recovery. An affirmative anti-recession program, initiated with your cooperation, supported the natural forces in the private sector; and our economy is now enjoying renewed confidence and energy. The recession has been halted. Recovery is under way. But the task of abating unemployment and achieving a full use of our resources does remain a serious challenge for us all. Large-scale unemployment during a recession is bad enough, but large-scale unemployment during a period of prosperity would be intolerable. I am therefore transmitting to the Congress a new Manpower Development and Training program, to train or retrain several hundred thousand workers, particularly in those areas where we have seen chronic unemployment as a result of technological factors in new occupational skills over a four-year period, in order to replace those skills made obsolete by automation and industrial change with the new skills which the new processes demand. It should be a satisfaction to us all that we have made great strides in restoring world confidence in the dollar, halting the outflow of gold and improving our balance of payments. During the last two months, our gold stocks actually increased by seventeen million dollars, compared to a loss of 635 million dollars during the last two months of 1960. We must maintain this progressand this will require the cooperation and restraint of everyone. As recovery progresses, there will be temptations to seek unjustified price and wage increases. These we cannot afford. They will only handicap our efforts to compete abroad and to achieve full recovery here at home. Labor and management mustand I am confident that they willpursue responsible wage and price policies in these critical times. I look to the Presidents Advisory Committee on  Labor Management  Policy to give a strong lead in this direction. Moreover, if the  budget deficit  now increased by the needs of our security is to be held within manageable proportions, it will be necessary to hold tightly to prudent fiscal standards; and I request the cooperation of the Congress in this regardto refrain from adding funds or programs, desirable as they may be, to the Budgetto end the postal deficit, as my predecessor also recommended, through increased ratesa deficit incidentally, this year, which exceeds the fiscal 1962 cost of all the space and defense measures that I am submitting todayto provide full pay-as-you-go highway financingand to close those tax loopholes earlier specified. Our security and progress cannot be cheaply purchased; and their price must be found in what we all forego as well as what we all must pay. III. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL PROGRESS ABROAD I stress the strength of our economy because it is essential to the strength of our nation. And what is true in our case is true in the case of other countries. Their strength in the struggle for freedom depends on the strength of their economic and their social progress. We would be badly mistaken to consider their problems in military terms alone. For no amount of arms and armies can help stabilize those governments which are unable or unwilling to achieve social and economic reform and development. Military pacts cannot help nations whose social injustice and economic chaos invite insurgency and penetration and subversion. The most skillful counter-guerrilla efforts cannot succeed where the local population is too caught up in its own misery to be concerned about the advance of communism. But for those who share this view, we stand ready now, as we have in the past, to provide generously of our skills, and our capital, and our food to assist the peoples of the less-developed nations to reach their goals in freedomto help them before they are engulfed in crisis. This is also our great opportunity in 1961. If we grasp it, then subversion to prevent its success is exposed as an unjustifiable attempt to keep these nations from either being free or equal. But if we do not pursue it, and if they do not pursue it, the bankruptcy of unstable governments, one by one, and of unfilled hopes will surely lead to a series of totalitarian receiverships. Earlier in the year, I outlined to the Congress a new program for aiding emerging nations; and it is my intention to transmit shortly draft legislation to implement this program, to establish a new Act for International Development, and to add to the figures previously requested, in view of the swift pace of critical events, an additional 250 million dollars for a Presidential Contingency Fund, to be used only upon a Presidential determination in each case, with regular and complete reports to the Congress in each case, when there is a sudden and extraordinary drain upon our regular funds which we cannot foreseeas illustrated by recent events in Southeast Asiaand it makes necessary the use of this emergency reserve. The total amount requestednow raised to 2.65 billion dollarsis both minimal and crucial. I do not see how anyone who is concernedas we all areabout the growing threats to freedom around the globeand who is asking what more we can do as a peoplecan weaken or oppose the sin gle most important program available for building the frontiers of freedom. IV. TOOLS FOR A GLOBAL STRUGGLE All that I have said makes it clear that we are engaged in a world-wide struggle in which we bear a heavy burden to preserve and promote the ideals that we share with all mankind, or have alien ideals forced upon them. That struggle has highlighted the role of our Information Agency. It is essential that the funds previously requested for this effort be not only approved in full but increased by 2 million, 400 thousand dollars, to a total of 121 million dollars. This new request is for additional radio and television to Latin America and Southeast Asia. These tools are particularly effective and essential in the cities and villages of those great continents as a means of reaching millions of uncertain peoples to tell them of our interest in their fight for freedom. In Latin America, we are proposing to increase our Spanish and Portuguese broadcasts to a total of 154 hours a week, compared to 42 hours today, none of which is in Portuguese, the language of about one-third of the people of South America. The Soviets, Red Chinese and satellites already broadcast into Latin America more than 134 hours a week in Spanish and Portuguese. Communist China alone does more public information broadcasting in our own hemisphere than we do. Moreover, powerful propaganda broadcasts from Havana now are heard throughout Latin America, encouraging new revolutions in several countries. Similarly, in Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand, we must communicate our determination and support to those upon whom our hopes for resisting the communist tide in that continent ultimately depend. Our interest is in the truth. V. OUR PARTNERSHIP FOR SELF-DEFENSE But while we talk of sharing and building and the competition of ideas, others talk of arms and threaten war. So we have learned to keep our defenses strongand to cooperate with others in a partnership of self-defense. The events of recent weeks have caused us to look anew at these efforts. The center of freedoms defense is our network of world alliances, extending from NATO, recommended by a  Democratic President  and approved by a Republican Congress, to SEATO, recommended by a  Republican President  and approved by a Democratic Congress. These alliances were constructed in the 1940s and 1950sit is our task and responsibility in the 1960s to strengthen them. To meet the changing conditions of powerand power relationships have changedwe have endorsed an increased emphasis on NATOs conventional strength. At the same time we are affirming our conviction that the NATO nuclear deterrent must also be kept strong. I have made clear our intention to commit to the NATO command, for this purpose, the 5 Polaris submarines originally suggested by  President Eisenhower, with the possibility, if needed, of more to come. Second, a major part of our partnership for self-defense is the Military Assistance Program. The main burden of local defense against local attack, subversion, insurrection or guerrilla warfare must of necessity rest with local forces. Where these forces have the necessary will and capacity to cope with such threats, our intervention is rarely necessary or helpful. Where the will is present and only capacity is lacking, our Military Assistance Program can be of help. But this program, like economic assistance, needs a new emphasis. It cannot be extended without regard to the social, political and military reforms essential to internal respect and stability. The equipment and training provided must be tailored to legitimate local needs and to our own foreign and military policies, not to our supply of military stocks or a local leaders desire for military display. And military assistance can, in addition to its military purposes, make a contribution to economic progress, as do our own Army Engineers. In an earlier message, I requested 1.6 billion dollars for Military Assistance, stating that this would maintain existing force levels, but that I could not foresee how much more might be required. It is now clear that this is not enough. The present crisis in Southeast Asia, on which the  Vice President  has made a valuable reportthe rising threat of communism in  Latin Americathe increased arms traffic in Africaand all the new pressures on every nation found on the map by tracing your fingers along the borders of the Communist bloc in Asia and the Middle Eastall make clear the dimension of our needs. I therefore request the Congress to provide a total of 1.885 billion dollars for Military Assistance in the coming fiscal yearan amount less than that requested a year agobut a minimum which must be assured if we are to help those nations make secure their independence. This must be prudently and wisely spentand that will be our common endeavor. Military and economic assistance has been a heavy burden on our citizens for a long time, and I recognize the strong pressures against it; but this battle is far from over, it is reaching a crucial stage, and I believe we should participate in it. We cannot merely state our opposition to totalitarian advance without paying the price of helping those now under the greatest pressure. VI. OUR OWN MILITARY AND INTELLIGENCE SHIELD In line with these developments, I have directed a further reinforcement of our own capacity to deter or resist non-nuclear aggression. In the conventional field, with one exception, I find no present need for large new levies of men. What is needed is rather a change of position to give us still further increases in flexibility. Therefore, I am directing the Secretary of Defense to undertake a reorganization and modernization of the Armys divisional structure, to increase its non-nuclear firepower, to improve its tactical mobility in any environment, to insure its flexibility to meet any direct or indirect threat, to facilitate its coordination with our major allies, and to provide more modern mechanized divisions in Europe and bring their equipment up to date, and new airborne brigades in both the Pacific and Europe. And secondly, I am asking the Congress for an additional 100 million dollars to begin the procurement task necessary to re-equip this new Army structure with the most modern material. New helicopters, new armored personnel carriers, and new howitzers, for example, must be obtained now. Third, I am directing the Secretary of Defense to expand rapidly and substantially, in cooperation with our Allies, the orientation of existing forces for the conduct of non-nuclear war, paramilitary operations and sub-limited or unconventional wars. In addition our special forces and unconventional warfare units will be increased and reoriented. Throughout the services new emphasis must be placed on the special skills and languages which are required to work with local populations. Fourth, the Army is developing plans to make possible a much more rapid deployment of a major portion of its highly trained reserve forces. When these plans are completed and the reserve is strengthened, two combat-equipped divisions, plus their supporting forces, a total of 89,000 men, could be ready in an emergency for operations with but 3 weeks notice2 more divisions with but 5 weeks noticeand six additional divisions and their supporting forces, making a total of 10 divisions, could be deployable with less than 8 weeks notice. In short, these new plans will allow us to almost double the combat power of the Army in less than two months, compared to the nearly nine months heretofore required. Fifth, to enhance the already formidable ability of the Marine Corps to respond to limited war emergencies, I am asking the Congress for 60 million dollars to increase the Marine Corps strength to 190,000 men. This will increase the initial impact and staying power of our three Marine divisions and three air wings, and provide a trained nucleus for further expansion, if necessary for self-defense. Finally, to cite one other area of activities that are both legitimate and necessary as a means of self-defense in an age of hidden perils, our whole intelligence effort must be reviewed, and its coordination with other elements of policy assured. The Congress and the American people are entitled to know that we will institute whatever new organization, policies, and control are necessary. VII. CIVIL DEFENSE One major element of the  national security program  which this nation has never squarely faced up to is civil defense. This problem arises not from present trends but from national inaction in which most of us have participated. In the past decade we have intermittently considered a variety of programs, but we have never adopted a consistent policy. Public considerations have been largely characterized by apathy, indifference and skepticism; while, at the same time, many of the civil defense plans have been so far-reaching and unrealistic that they have not gained essential support. This Administration has been looking hard at exactly what civil defense can and cannot do. It cannot be obtained cheaply. It cannot give an assurance of blast protection that will be proof against surprise attack or guaranteed against obsolescence or destruction. And it cannot deter a nuclear attack. We will deter an enemy from making a nuclear attack only if our retaliatory power is so strong and so invulnerable that he knows he would be destroyed by our response. If we have that strength, civil defense is not needed to deter an attack. If we should ever lack it, civil defense would not be an adequate substitute. But this deterrent concept assumes rational calculations by rational men. And the history of this planet, and particularly the history of the 20th century, is sufficient to remind us of the possibilities of an irrational attack, a miscalculation, an accidental war, [or a war of escalation in which the stakes by each side gradually increase to the point of maximum danger] which cannot be either foreseen or deterred. It is on this basis that civil defense can be readily justifiableas insurance for the civilian population in case of an enemy miscalculation. It is insurance we trust will never be neededbut insurance which we could never forgive ourselves for foregoing in the event of catastrophe. Once the validity of this concept is recognized, there is no point in delaying the initiation of a nation-wide long-range program of identifying present fallout shelter capacity and providing shelter in new and existing structures. Such a program would protect millions of people against the hazards of radioactive fallout in the event of large-scale nuclear attack. Effective performance of the entire program not only requires new legislative authority and more funds but also sound organizational arrangements. Therefore, under the authority vested in me by Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1958, I am assigning responsibility for this program to the top civilian authority already responsible for continental defense, the Secretary of Defense. It is important that this function remain civilian, in nature and leadership; and this feature will not be changed. The Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization will be reconstituted as a small staff agency to assist in the coordination of these functions. To more accurately describe its role, its title should be changed to the Office of Emergency Planning. As soon as those newly charged with these responsibilities have prepared new authorization and appropriation requests, such requests will be transmitted to the Congress for a much-strengthened Federal-State civil defense program. Such a program will provide Federal funds for identifying fallout shelter capacity in existing, structures, and it will include, where appropriate, incorporation of shelter in Federal buildings, new requirements for shelter in buildings constructed with  Federal assistance, and matching grants and other incentives for constructing shelter in State and local and private buildings. Federal appropriations for civil defense in fiscal 1962 under this program will in all likelihood be more than triple the pending budget requests; and they will increase sharply in subsequent years. Financial participation will also be required from State and local governments and from private citizens. But no insurance is cost-free; and every American citizen and his community must decide for themselves whether this form of survival insurance justifies the expenditure of effort, time and money. For myself, I am convinced that it does. VIII. DISARMAMENT I cannot end this discussion of defense and armaments without emphasizing our strongest hope: the creation of an orderly world where disarmament will be possible. Our aims do not prepare for warthey are efforts to discourage and resist the adventures of others that could end in war. That is why it is consistent with these efforts that we continue to press for properly safeguarded disarmament measures. At Geneva, in cooperation with the United Kingdom, we have put forward concrete proposals to make clear our wish to meet the Soviets half way in an effective nuclear test ban treatythe first significant but essential step on the road towards disarmament. Up to now, their response has not been what we hoped, but Mr. Dean returned last night to Geneva, and we intend to go the last mile in patience to secure this gain if we can.

Air france internet marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Air france internet marketing - Essay Example Search engine optimization can be used to increase the return on advertisement investment. In order to optimize the search engine, the marketers need to identify the correct keywords that should be used for the various advertisements (Clay and Susan, Pg. 237). It should be noted that the company may use so many keywords and search phrases but as long as they are not the correct ones, it may end up making a loss on its investment. Therefore, Air France need to concentrate on identifying the correct words and drop some of the keywords that have no search requests or have below per requests. Customers will normally search the keywords and in the event that they do not find what they want with the first click, most of the will not move to the next page or rephrase the keywords they are searching for (Robinson, Lindsey and John, Pg. 10). The campaign tactics should be adjusted so that they focus more on the correct keywords rather than the number of