The duality of human nature in chapters 1, 4 & 9 of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay Example for Free

The duality of human nature in chapters 1, 4 9 of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde EssayIn what styluss does Stevenson indicate the duality of human nature in chapters 1, 4 9 of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and how does this duality reflect the concerns of the time?Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, published in 1886, regards many of the issues within Victorian socialization and it presents the authors own disgust towards the traditions and affairs concerning Victorian society and the people living in it at the time. Stevensons defend incited the idea that everyone was capable of committing moral and immoral actions, it had naught to do with your expression, and his one shilling shocker did what he give tongue to it would, it shocked and appalled the Victorian public. Science was rapidly becoming a much frequently occurring break of peoples lives and it was posing a fast rising threat to religion and its practises, whilst at the same time theories such as Charles Darwins conjecture of evolutio n were severely undermining and assail the influence that the Christian church could have in peoples lives.Frankenstein by Mary Shelley was a nonher erudition based book, and this is similar to Stevensons book in a way that a Dr Frankenstein is using his mind and science for the wrong reasons. People had begun to question the tone that perfection created the world, and this was exacerbated by Frankensteins experiwork forcets.In a clearly divided London, at that place was conflict between the East and West end, much standardized there was conflict between the speed and lower kinfolkes. Over time, a momentously bitter split was formed between those who were born into wealth, and those unfortunate enough to be thrown into a struggling, lower class background. The swiftness class feared that the lower class would pollute their flawless society. Habits such as infraction and manity were archetype to be associated with the lower class and the upper class feared this.A recurrin g groundwork of the time was that a criminal could be recognised simply by their appearance and reality was discounted totally. When the book was taken to the theatre, Richard Mansfield the actor who played Mr Hyde fit the super acid recognition of an evil man, and acted so convincingly that the audience actually believed he was Jack the ripper himself. However, Jack the ripper contradicted these beliefs and went against the general beliefs inspired by the theories of Lombroso and Francis Galton (a criminal was short and had a big head as they had devolved).What is more, it was proven that Oscar Wilde, a lower class man who was six foot six, hence hugely different to the theories of Lombroso and Galton, was having a homosexual relationship with a member of the aristocracy. This furthered the idea of disease coming from the lower class and infecting the upper class. Plus, the book Dracula considers blood transfusions, and it is a parallel to the notion of separation in Victorian Lo ndon. Blood passed into a normal persons body from a vampire and infected them, much the like the lower class were infecting the upper class.Firstly, much alike other characters in the book, there is a clear and present duality between the characters (or character) Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. We are first introduced to Mr Hyde during the incident in which he tramples over a little girl in the street. He is set forth as a monster, not of this worldIt wasnt like a man it was like some damned Juggernaut.On any occasion that there is a word picture of Hyde, we are made aware of his hellish actions and the actuality that someone either dislikes him, or more severely, wants to kill himI had taken a loathing to my gentleman at first sight. So had the childs family, which was only natural.In the nature that he is referred to as a Juggernaut, we are told he is an unstoppable force, and he is therefore likened to Jack the Ripper who, although he should supposedly fit Lombroso and Galtons theori es about criminal appearance, is impossible to catch.During the opening of the book, Hyde is in no way likened to a man, hence insinuating that there is something wrong with Hyde, and he may be like no other man, in either appearance or reality. Stevenson strengthens this notion by statinghe gave me one look, so ugly that it brought out the sweat on me like running.Despite this, Dr Jekyll is first construed as a, large, salubrious-made, hairless man of fifty. This gives the reader the impression that he is just an indifferent member of the upper class, hence suggesting that he is the exact opposite to Mr Hyde. Moreover, the fact that Jekyll is referred to as, Dr and Hyde is referred to as Mr suggests that Mr Hyde, a lower class person is polluting Dr Jekyll, an upper class person, fitting in with the common fear that the lower class would pollute and corrupt the idealistic upper class, therefore suggesting the duality of the East and West ends.The duality between Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde at the time of the book could epitomize the concerns of Victorian society and the theories of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin. The theory enunciated that all human creations began as apes, and that we have developed throughout time to suit the environment, or to adapt, fitting the idea of survival of the fittest. The harsh fact that Mr Hyde has not yet been likened to man suggests he is devolved, and Stevenson is able to convey this point by stating that he clubbed him to the earth (in relation to the murder of Sir Charles Danvers). From this statement we are able to vulgarize that Mr Hyde is now being likened to a caveman brandishing a club, a supposed early stage in the theory of evolution. What is more, Hyde is depicted to have, ape-like fury which even more so directly parallels him to Darwins theory.Sigmund Freud had proposed at the time was that a person has three parts the id, the ego and the superego. The id was supposedly the unconscious mind, or inner desires, the ego being a conscious self, which was a front to interact with society, and finally the superego was the conscious feelings of disapproval that would be hidden away as the guilty conscious.Mr Hyde could be characterized as the id, as the unconscious mind providing us with physical drives and desires, thus allowing Hyde to live with no moral restraints or standards. On the other hand, Dr Jekyll can be comprehend to be the ego, the conscious self being developed by the mind. He is fully conscious of his own actions.Mr Hyde or Hide is the id. We can consider that Hyde (the id) may be hiding within Hide. Furthermore, Dr Jekyll begins with the French word Je, or it can translate to I. Therefore, Jekyll who is the ego, can be seen as I or Stevenson could be the I in Jekyll, and he could be using him Jekyll as a puppet to convey a didactic message.Amid Stevensons one shilling shocker, there are legion(predicate) references to both science and religion. Scientific advances at the tim e intimate that Stevenson was trying to convey a didactic message by writing a highly controversial book. In chapter one, it was hellish to see is but one of the frequently occurring references to religion, along with describing Mr Hyde as, really like Satan. This indicates that Stevenson is trying to liken Mr Hyde to Satan, who at the time was thought to be the most evil creature in the universe, by some religious people. However, when describing the dark London night, the quoteall lighted up as if for a procession and all as empty as a churchdemonstrates conflicting ideas between science and religion. Stevenson is trying to bring one facial gesture of duality in Victorian society to a halt, by combining science, with relation to the street lamps, and religion with relation to the church. What is more the church is described as empty, ergo insinuating that science is constantly becoming more and more a part of Victorian society, gradually stripping religion of its influence.Steven son utilises two different settings in which he presents the two main characters, Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, and this explores the conflicting backgrounds and personalities of the two men. In the instance that Mr Utterson is taken to the residence of Hyde in Soho, he enters his room and Stevenson delineates the room as being, furnished with luxury and good taste. This is a huge duality, as it would seem strange that Mr Hyde, having been characterized as such an evil looking, ugly man could have such a clean and well(p) furnished room. Yet another quote, the closet filled with wine would indicate that Mr Hyde is a rich, thriving man and thus should be of a high status within Victorian society. What is more, we are enlightened that Mr Hyde has apicture hung on the walls, a gift from Henry Jekyll, who was much of a connoisseur.This portrayal of the wall hanging and of the entire flat seems to give us more of a concept with regards to the type of accommodation that Dr Jekyll would live in , because of his status as a high class man. However, it is apparent Mr Hyde is living in the flat, due to the, dingy windowless structure and, distasteful sense of strangeness that Stevenson goes on to describe. Duality of the flat is fix in the sense that in one judgement, the flat is elaborately and intricately decorated, but in another, it is dingy and distasteful.Dr Lanyon is a scientist, much like Dr Jekyll however, although the two men share the same profession, they do not share the same ideas or moral values. Lanyon may be a scientist, yet he is still a very strong and motivated religious believer, and he tries to distance himself from Jekyll because of what seems to be his Jekyll lack of morals with regards to human life, my colleague Dr Jekyll was insane. Through Lanyon and Jekyll, Stevenson is able to convey the antithesis of science conflicting with religion, and how just as before, Lanyon and Jekyll should live together as friends and in peace, as potentially science and religion can.Throughout the book, references are made as to the duality between reality and appearance. Mr Utterson, a key featuring character in the book is given a detailed description in chapter one. He is described as, cold, scanty and embarrassed and he is referred to as, dreary which suggests that he is an extremely dull and irksome man who will play no major role in the book, due to the fact that he is so terribly tedious. Despite this, he is later referred to as, loveable and it is said that, something eminently human beaconed from his eye thus suggesting that he is a man who likes to keep to himself, but underlying emotions and feelings may expose the real person within, hence connoting duality between his human side, and his dreary, uncaring side.It is said in the Bible that, the eyes are the window to the soul consequently the fact that we are told something human is emerging from his eye suggests that he is not soulless and boring as suggested, there is an antithesis between his cold and harsh exterior, and his softer, more forgiving inside. Stevenson uses Utterson to convey a didactic message that Victorian society is alike concerned with appearance, and too little attention is paid to reality.Additionally, there is a certain duality between the character associated with Mr Utterson, and his personality in reality. In the book it is stated that heenjoyed the theatre but had not crossed the doors of one for twenty years.Over time, he has been able to work upon and build his image as a true, upper class gentleman. This can be regarded much like a poet spends an age perfecting a sonnet, and as part of this image, he must conform the rule that the theatre is the place of the common people, and not for someone of the stature of himself. Utterson was a, nut to crack intimating that he was really just a man who precious to enjoy life hiding behind a shell of lies, yet out of fear for his reputation and status, this spirit of free will must be locke d away.Throughout the short book, Stevenson has used more than one narrator to tell the story of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The book had effectively been written by society and it is highly thoughtful of Victorian life. Dr Lanyon narrates some of the book, along with Dr Jekyll narrating through his letter. This is extremely effective as it can tell the story in two parts, thus emphasising the split in Victorian society between the East and West end, and the lower and upper class.In conclusion, throughout the book, Stevenson has epitomised his ideas on the issues haunting an unstable Victorian society, and most definitely, the archetype of allocation within this society due to the importance and lust for money is one that Stevenson strongly disagrees with, thus allowing him to passionately convey his didactic message to kick the bucket this divide. Furthermore, Stevenson is sickened by the paradox in which those as evil and immoral as Mr Hyde can live a luxurious lifestyle and do what they want when they want, disregarding of the horrific deeds and actions which he has perpetrated.The dedication to Katharine De Mattos in a way conveys all of the didactic messages that Stevenson is attempting to display within the bookits ill to loose the bands that God decreed to bindsuggests that what God has created should be cherished and ordered as he decides, and that science does not have the right to change what God has rigid out.Furthermore, and finally, away from home intimates that we are far away from heaven, and our sins will drive us away from God. The word wind connotes a force of change, and a well know phrase can be likened to thi part of Stevensons dedicationone day the wind will change and your face will stay like thatAlthough used as a modern day and light-hearted threat from a mother or father to their child, this is relevant to the book as potentially Dr Lanyon could use of goods and services the father figure, whilst Henry Jekyll can appear as the child. Much as Dr Jekyll changed into Mr Hyde, we too can change from a faithful person with a well led life, to an arrogant and selfish person who had little if any moral values.

Causes and Spread of Infection Essay Example for Free

Causes and Spread of Infection Essay1. Understand the causes of infection.1.1 Identify the differences between bacterium, viruses, fungus kingdom and parasites. Bacteria a single cell micro-organism that gets its nutrition from its surroundings and give notice only be seen under a microscope. Viruses are disease producing agents far littler than bacteria. They are enclosed in a protein coating which makes them more difficult to destroy. Fungi are included in the plant kingdom but are quite different from green plants. The basic unit of a fungus is a hypha which is a hollow tube. The hyphal threads spread out over and into the food somatic making a visible mesh or mycelium. Some fungi mass together to create toadstools. They spread by releasing spores into the environment. Parasites an organism that feeds and is pendent of its host. 1.2 Identify common illnesses and infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Bacteria Lyme disease, Tuberculosis, tetanus , MRSA (methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus) Viruses polio, Norovirus, common cold, flu, chicken poxFungi tinea pinus, athletes foot, oral thushParacites- worms, ticks, lice, mites1.3 Describe what is meant by infection and colonisation. Infection is a invasion of a host organisms bodily tissues by a disease causing organism. Colonisation occurs when any 1 or more species populate a specific area. 1.4 Explain what is meant by systemic infection and localised infection. Systemic infection affects a issue forth of organs or tissues or affects the whole body e.g. type 2 diabetes, aids and hyper tension. Localised infection confined to one organ system or area in the body e.g. absess, boil, sprain. 1.5 Identify poor practices that may lead to the spread of infection. Not wearing personal protective equipment such as disposable gloves, disposable aprons, washing hands and disposing of clinical waste in the correct way.2. Understand the transmission of infection.2.1 Explai n the conditions needed for the growth of micro-organisms.* Psychrophiles grow below temperatures of 20c* Thermophiles grow above temperatures of 45c* Oxygen, pathogens vary in their oxygen requirements* Food* Most foods naturally contain suffucant moisture to provide bacteria with the water they need in order to grow2.2 Explain the ways an infective agent might enter the body.* food/drink* natural orifices* aspiration* ingestion* inoculation2.3 Identify common sources of infection.Droplets produced by coughing or sneezing, in air and dust, in water/food, carried by animals and insects.2.4 Explain how infective agents can be transmitted to a person.* food/drink* air/dust* touching contaminated items* cross contamination* direct (person to person)* animals and insects2.5 Identify the key factors that leave alone make it more likely that infection will occur.* Open wounds/sores* Vulnerability/low immunity (children, babies, elderly)* People already suffering from health problems* St ress (suppression of repellent system)* Poor practice and infection control

Employee Wellbeing in a Prison Workplace

Employee Wellbeing in a Prison WorkplaceAims and ObjectivesWith ad hoc reference to the research apparent motion, that ofDoes the impact of organisational change and a Transformed Workplace fall upon the Health Well-being of employees at heart a Prison Workplace Environment?Key to the development of the Aims Objectives is the evaluation of similar research (Bamford and Daniel, 2007 Hyde et al, 2005 train Stolk et al, 2009) conducted within a similar Government Department that has also been subjected to workplace transformation (new commissions of working Hyde et al, 2005). In this instance the Government department was that of the NHS (National Health dish). in like manner the determination of research that assesses the impact of the workplace upon an individuals well-being, which includes 2 case studies that have researched wellbeing within the workplace (Danna Griffin, 1999 Harter et al, 2002)In making determination of such literature, appraise whether or not and to wh at degree it either supports or contradict the research move.AIMTo assess how and to what extent (positive or negative) the managed change and modify workplace has affected employees health and wellbeing and to assist in the development of baseline data for further digest and evaluation in regards to the qualification of targeted wellbeing interventions.OBJECTIVES.Review literature in regards to New ways of working and organisational change (Both the NHS NOMS) and its impact on health and well-being. To determine the vignette model content.Develop, instrument and analyse a faculty health and wellbeing thought tool based on objective. trace undertaken using survey monkey / paper, complete anonymity, distri barelyed crosswise all staff. 2 principal pay- wad groups within the organisation, that of paybands 1-4 and 5-10 to ensure anonymity, and in the use of incident data, such as organisational sickness absence data. Identify if the impact of the alter Workplace regimes has affected absence. All absence data will be provided by HR and will be anon. and generalised by specific factors prior to inclusion in the study, i.e. type of absence or organisational demography (operational and non operational staff). Permission for use of the data has been given.MethodologySurvey BackgroundThe bearing of this research and the Health and Wellbeing survey is to identify and understand the respondents intuitions as a consequence of the regeneration to and impact of the Our New sort, the new operating model adopted by the NOMS agency, as part of the strategic plan to create a modern cost efficient publicly owned prison service.To better understand this transition, and also as part of literature review, a review was completed of similar research of another government organisation that had completed a similar transition, that of the NHS (Hyde et al, 2005 Van Stolk et al, 2009).Making the use of tools such case studies that have looked into the impact upon well-bei ng within the workplace (Danna Griffin, 1999 Harter et al, 2002 Van Stolk et al, 2009) the methodology used in research (Thirlaway et al, 2012) at Cardiff Metropolitan University and also the Survey development model developed by RAND(Europe) (Van Stolk et al, 2009 p. 3) will assist in the development, piloting and analysis of a survey tool.Survey AimThe aim of this survey is, as part of the evaluation of the consequences of organisational change was to provide a question set, based upon the new operating model our new way. Furthermore, based upon responses to questions posed, perform an analysis of the responses in regards to their sensual and psychological health and well-being, during and post transition to the new operating model.Using a structured model of questions, that of the Likert 5-point Scale that ranges from strongly Agree to Strongly disagree, this will enable the research to gauge perception both positive and negative in regards to an individuals wellbeing followin g a period of sustained change and transformation.Survey StructureThe design and format of this survey was set out to gauge the views and perceptions of the Prison Service Staff, both generally and specifically in relation to the workplace, the transition to the new operating model. The Survey comprises and is smooth of 3 specific elementsElement 1 Demographic DataElement 2 Questions Exploring the impact of the new way of working, managing and delivering on the employees physical and mental well-being and also engagement and communicationElement 3 An open-ended question exploring additional perceptions and feelings from staff that have experienced the transition to our new way.Element 1 Demographic DataElement 1 provides demographic data, that of personal information (i.e. Age gender pay-band), providing evidence that the responders, are both anonymous and a cross-section of employees within the organisationElement 2 Exploring the impact of the new operating model Our New WayElemen t 2 seeks to determine respondents response in regards to the new ways of Working, Managing and Delivering (Independent Variables) and how following the transition to a new operating model, how the transition has impacted upon not only an employees, physical and mental well-being, but also the impact upon organisational engagement (Dependent Variables) (Figure 04 below).(Figure 04 Survey question breakdown based upon Dependent Variables)Element 3 Opened ended question to explore respondent feelings and perceptions of the transition to the new operating modelElement 3 seeks to determine respondents response through an open ended question, to explore and evaluate how the transition to the new operating model, has affected each specific respondent and has impacted upon their Physical and Mental Health and Well-being.Survey DevelopmentMaking use of the method and model developed by RAND (Europe) (Van Stolk et al, 2009) the survey was designed, working in conjunction with both Cardiff Me tropolitan University NOMS H.R. Directorate and also Stakeholders within the Prison Service at HMP Exeter, up to and including the Governing Governor using 5 specific stages from the inter- coalition creation of the prototype survey models, to the initial try ons, through to the Survey deployment, completion and analysis (Figure 05 below).Survey do 1The successful creation of the Health and Well-being Survey was as a result of working in close partnership with Cardiff Metropolitan University, the NOMS Human Resources Directorate and also with Senior Management Organisational Stakeholders from both NOMS and also HMP Exeter.The creation of question a set was based upon the framework of transformation, the oral communication model and documents of the new operating model Our New Way. This included specific and directed approaches in the creating of the questions posed. It was essential that the questions were concise and simple to understand, to make them multiplex to understand, c ould lead to erroneous responses due to limited or misunderstanding of the question. From this perspective the experience from both NOMS Human Resource Directorate and Cardiff Metropolitan University was essential.Survey tip 2 Partnership Survey ReviewThis stage, involved testing the questions, for at this stage it was essential to ensure that through an ongoing process that the survey questions were neither too complicated, nor too vague. Key to this approach was open, consistent advice and guidance upon how the questions could be interpreted and would be understood.Survey Stage 3 Limited Pilot judgeThe aim of this stage was to undertake a limited implementation pilot test of the survey, to ensure that not only that the responders would understand the questions posed, but also to test the hyperlink access the survey. The design, hyperlink accessibility and the analysis of the results, was undertaken by the NOMS H.R. directorate, via Survey-monkey.In terms of the launch vehicle it was identified that, the initial launch would be within a maven establishment within the NOMS organisation that we would be able to make use of a spherical email as a platform from which the links to the survey could be used. Furthermore the option of the internal Intranet was also considered, if as an avenue of further research, the Survey was to be deployed within all of the establishments within the NOMS agency.Survey Stage 4 Launch and Deployment of the Health and Well-being SurveyFollowing the successful controlled test of the completed survey model, that included the survey access via the launch vehicle, that of the global email platform. The email was sent to all staff within the wizard survey area, that is a single(a) establishment, that of HMP Exeter. To facilitate manage, monitor and control the survey, a single partner, (the NOMS H.R. Directorate) managed the survey tool following its successful launch. This included keeping the partners informed as to the level of r esponders that had accessed the survey throughout the duration of the Survey period. Having a single point of management of the survey also enabled us to deal with effectively any unforeseen technical issues, if required.Survey DurationThe Survey was launched via a ball-shaped Email platform on 27th January 2014, and closed at Midnight on 16th February 2014.Survey Eligibility CriteriaThe eligibility criteria for the completion of the Survey will be those that are at a time employed by the HM Prison Service, specifically employed at HMP Exeter, and fall within 2 specific pay-band groups, that of pay band 1-4 and pay band 5-10. Which reflect those employed that have some management role and duties (pay band 5-10) and those that undertake roles and responsibilities that deal with offenders either directly or indirectly. The sample size is approx 260 staff members, with an anticipated response rate of approximately 25%, which will ensure that we have a broad sample across the organisa tion.Survey CompletionThis Survey Model in the determining the impact of New Ways of Working (Dependent Variables) upon physical, mental well-being and organisational Engagement and would take approx 20 minutes to complete.ResultsAt the ending of the Survey Completion window, 86 respondents had completed the Survey, a number that represented approximately 20% of the directly employed workforce within a private site HMP Exeter. Though only a small sample group as a representative group, given the demographic questions posed (Age, Gender, Length of Service, Pay-band) it is considered, to be sufficient to provide an accurate analysis.To illustrate how the number of respondents are considered to be representative, Figures 06Fig 09 (below) provides not only details of the demographic data of the respondents, but also in regards to this data how they compare to the same demographics within the Establishment as a whole

Adopting MapReduce and Hummingbird for Information Retrieval

Adopting MapReduce and Hummingbird for entropy RetrievalAdopting MapReduce and Hummingbird for reading Retrieval in dedicated cloud Environment Dr. Piyush GuptaChandelkar Kashinath K.AbstractData collected in class 3 indicated the number of active internet users crosswise the globe. The collected chunks of information termed as pornographic Data not only utilizes physical resources into the network, just in like manner leads to increase in human and financial resources. calumniate computing being a technology with IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service), PaaS (Platform as a Service) and SaaS (Software as a Service) provides virtual resources on pay per use policy. MapReduce being widely used algorithm is used in line with Hummingbird Search engine for information retrieval.Keywords MapReduce, SaaS, IaaS, PaaS, Hummingbird, Big info1. IntroductionOne of the papers published in International conference at Jaipur, entitled The Need and Impact of Hummingbird Algorithm on Cloud groun d Content Management System 21 elaborates on existence of humming bird algorithm on 15th birthday of Google. In existence with previous(prenominal) Google algorithms like panda 3.5, page rank and penguin, hummingbird is a new replacement of full engine instead of repairing individual modules. This has affected 90% of data across the globe.Migrating MapReduce algorithm on cloud environment using Hadoop, not only improves performance due to cloud features but also the efficiency is increased with be minimization.2. ProblemFig-1 Data center Source IBM Enterprise SystemFig-1 get hold ofs a snapshot of engineers working at data centers who manages information from diverse platforms and resources. Managing hardware and mesh topology with virtualized resources needs dedicated young talent. When it comes to end user, he gets an average service as a result of improper management of data centers. MapReduce is one of the trounce known algorithms used for IR (Information Retrieval) in au xiliary with animated algorithms as explained in section 7.Due to exponential increase in smart devices that supports section based search, definitely needs fast and efficient searching algorithm for information retrieval. The voice based search assists to make smart decisions in true time applications like place identification, weather forecast and medical assistance using android based applications.3. Why problem is importantFig-2 Global profits users Source W3 FoundationLooking at data increase across the globe as shown in Fig-2 (data collected till July 1, 2014) 19, the pilled mental ability in repositories is increase worldwide. It requires huge amount of hardware resources running for years to extract information and knowledge for decision making. The big challenge in big data is incessantly increasing content utilizing human resource and cost to create chunks in available networks across the globe, which needs attention.4. It is an unsolved problemFrom the following rel evant reviewed literature (table-1), it gives a blueprint that the problem has still remained unsolved. The authors have either focused on cloud components 6 11 or had used traditional Google Components during the analysis. Since Hummingbird Algorithm 10 is not keyword based the searching criteria have changed. When combined with MapReduce 1 3 15 in cloud environment shall definitely yield efficient results with minimum cost and resources.Table-1 Existing Systems compared5. Here is my ideaFig-3 Proposed Information Retrieval SystemBeing cloud computing 4 6 is upcoming Technology as discussed in section -7.2, is a good source of virtualized resources that helps to manage content on diverse platform irrespective of geographical boundaries. An showcase of Hadoop that supports MapReduce Algorithm (elaborated in sec-7) is migrated in cloud environment using SaaS (Software as a Service) to whom scuttlebutt is diverted for processing. Hummingbird (more in section-7) Algorithm is a brand new search engine designed to project significance from acquired query instead of word, is imparted to collect issue from MapReduce instance. The collected output on amazon S3 cluster is efficiently and effectively delivered to end user based on voice based request, in addition to traditional systems for efficient decision making in the field of medicine, scientific research and so on.6. My idea worksTo confirm the working of proposed idea, a hosted instance of Hadoop was used that supports MapReduce Algorithm and S3 data cluster from virago. It also has Qubole 20 managed database to test the instance in cloud environment. Qubole has an API (Application programming Interface) that gives overview of running instances through dashboard. A user shall give input as a database or can manually select file in addition to query wizard.Once the input is given to MapReduce cluster, data analysis shall be done by using hive query in addition to pig script.Following results were collected by using existing database.Fig-4 Cloud based Hadoop Instance Source QuboleFigure -4 shows a dashboard running Hadoop instance, in which 2 queries have finished data analysis. It communicates at runtime with Amazon S3 bucket where data is stored for input. The schemer 1315 scans the data files from the source and extends the output to reducer. The reducer further processes data and is sent back to S3 cluster for further processing. This information shall be accessed by end user through web access and with the support of Hummingbird Algorithm.Fig-5 Running Hadoop Cluster Source QuboleFig-5 shows a champion running Hadoop Instance in cloud environment. Qubole supports metrics of instances running simultaneously that enhances performance their by increasing efficiency. The graph in the above figure indicates time spent to complete single job. Every task is monitored by master DNS having unique ID. To each DNS a list of queries shall be given as input for further analysis.Fig-6 shows process getting started on Hadoop Cluster that combines both map and Reduce session together. The jobs performed uses batch processing system for single instance. Running multiple instances on different clusters in cloud environment makes process more efficient without investing much is physical infrastructure. As a result of which end user shall enjoy the benefits of information retrieval with minimum time, cost and physical resources. As cloud supports pay per use policies resource allocation as per requirements becomes easier.Fig-6 Hadoop Master DNS Source QuboleDetail business relationship about conceptsexisting algorithms used for information retrievalBFS(Bredth First Search)Redundant BFS.ISN (Intelligent Search Machine)Directed BFSRandom walker searchRandomized Gossiping centralized approachDistributed Information retrievalSearching Object identifierFollowing explanations shall help to elaborate more about specific areas.7.2 Cloud computer architectureFig-7 Cloud Architectur e Source NISTCloud is an upcoming technology that supports IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) PaaS (Platform as a Service) and SaaS (Software as a Service) as shown in Fig-7.For any hosted instance in cloud, open source software is used as a server that supports virtualization and Grid technology. Virtual private network is used in addition to wideband network13 16. As a service provider SLA (Service level Agreement) is signed between an organization and service provider. Distributed computing is one of the known components as data transferred across the network requires secure, authentic and efficient service in a given network.The type of cloud includes public, private, community and hybrid cloud 2. Private clouds are hosted in dedicated environment having firewall and other authentication features. Updating existing system and taking backup remains responsibility of the owner. Hybrid clouds may be hosted in private environment in synchronization with public resources. The end use r held responsible for resources used in public cloud with minimum security.7.3 MapReduce AlgorithmFig-8 MapReduce Algorithm Source Jimmy Lin, University of MarylandThe algorithm takes data input as a file or database in the form of query. A list of mapper instances are activated which travels across the database in search of information. The jobs or data values are shuffled based on keys and aggregated as an input to reducers. These reducers understand the key inputs and reshuffle to get unique relevant information for further processing as shown in Fig-81.7.4 Hummingbird AlgorithmHummingbird Algorithm 10 21 is the latest birthday benefaction from Google. Panda 3.5 and penguin were basically filters applied to searching criteria in the form of web pages and hyperlink.The traditional search engine extracts information based on keywords. Considering a condemnation How many times does hummingbird flap their wings per second? the traditional search engine being keyword based tries to extract word like times, flap and per second. establish on collected keywords the web pages are searched in database. The collected content undergoes filtering from panda and penguin. Resultant results are displayed to user in the form of hyperlinks.Being hummingbird is universe in the field of search and meant for voice based information retrieval, it accepts query as a single sentence instead of keywords. The engine tries to understand meaning and creates knowledge base from provided information or query.Fig-9 Hummingbird Search Source Google.comIn fig-9, the query asked to Google was where am i? Using voice search. The search engine had rig my current location based on IP address or physical location and displayed map for the same.8. Conclusion and future workThe paper is extension to hummingbird Algorithm 21 that supports MapReduce Algorithm with Hummingbird search engine in dedicated cloud environment. Qubole a hosted Hadoop instance is used to confirm working of MapReduce i n support with Amazon S3 for data during. A single hive query instance on single DNS is tested which shall be extended for testing multiple instances of hive and pig script simultaneously as future work.References1 Rahul Prasad Kanu , Shabeera T P , S D Madhu Kumar 2014- Dynamic Cluster Configuration Algorithm in MapReduce Cloud, International daybook of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 5 (3), 2014, 4028-4033.2 Mr. Kulkarni N. N., Dr. Pawar V. P., Dr. K.K Deshmukh -2014 Evaluation of Information Retrieval in Cloud computing based services, Asian Journal of Management Sciences 02 (03 (Special Issue))3 Brian Hellig, Stephen turner, generative collier, long zheng-2014- beyond map educe the next generation of big data analytics HAMR.Eti.com.4 Ismail Hmeidi, Maryan Yatim, Ala Ibrahim, Mai Abujazouh, 2014 Survey of Cloud Computing Web Services for Healthcare Information Retrieval Systems , International conference on Computing Technology and Information Management, D ubai, UAE.5 Anil Radhakrishnan and Kiran kalmadi -2013- Big Data Medical engine in the cloud, Infosys Lab apprise Vol-11, No-1.6 Dr. Sanjay Mishra, Dr. Arun Tiwari 2013 A Novel Technique for Information Retrieval establish on Cloud Computing, international Journal of information technology.7 Yu Mon Zaw, Nay Min Tun 2013-Web Services Based Information Retrieval Agent System for Cloud Computing. International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research Volume 2 Issue 1, 67-71.8 Gautam Vemuganti 2013- Metadata Management in Big data, Infosys lab Briefing.9 Aaditya Prakash 2013-Natured Inspired visualization of unstructured big data, Infosys lab briefing, Vol-11, No-1.10 Xinxin Fan, Guang Gong,Honggang Hu-2011- Remedying the Hummingbird Cryptographic Algorithm, IEEE.11 Mosashi Inoue 2009- image retrieval research and use in the information retrieval, internal Institute of Informatics.12 Jeff Dean Google Fellow 2009- Challenges in Building Large-Scale Information Retrieval Systems.13 Tsungnan Lin, Pochiang Lin, Hsinping Wang,Chiahung Chen-2009-Dynamic Search Algorithm in Unstructured Peer-to-Peer Networks, IEEE.14 William Hersh -2008 Future perspectives Ubiquitous but unfinished grand challenges for information retrieval, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.15 Jeffrey Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat 2004-MapReduce Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters, Google.com.16 Mehran Sahami Vibhu Mittal Shumeet Baluja Henry Rowley 2003-The Happy Searcher Challenges in Web Information Retrieval, google.com17 James Allan 2002-Challenges in Information Retrieval and Language Modeling, Report of a workshop held at the Center for Intelligent Information Retrieval, University of Massachusetts Amherst18 Amit Singhal 2001- Modern Information Retrieval A Brief Overview IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Data Engineering.19 tp//www.internetlivestats.com20 https//api.qubole.com 21 Dr. Piyush Gupta, kashinath Chandelkar 2012- The Need and Impact of Hummingbird Algorithm on Cloud based Content Management System, vol-2, issue-12, IJARCSSE journal.

Comparative Advantages Of Presidential And Parliamentary Systems Politics Essay

Comparative Advantages Of chairmanial And Parliamentary Systems Politics EssayAt the birth of every nation is the key structural question, how best to govern ones people and state. This has predominantly been met with two, very differing and opposing answers that of presidentialism and parliamentarism. The variables that determine this choice ar inherently entrenched in the political, social and economic taradiddle of the state in question. As such(prenominal) one cannot dismiss one particular remains on a political or ethnocentric basis, nevertheless evaluate it on its applicability and suitability to the state that it presides in, and the impact the innate strengths and flaws of both systems.However given the huge number of political systems to study and the topic variations that occur within each state it would be impossible to present a comprehensive comparison of the systems, as such I will think on two systems in particular, the United Kingdom and the Unites States of A merica. These can be regarded as the figureheads of their respective systems and the models upon which most other systems are found.The American constitution was created in 1787 with the radical idea that no single branch of the political structure should have precedence over another. As such the concept of separated force was introduced. This involved a significant departure from the traditional forms of politics of the colonial states that had controlled and exploited the New World states such as the US itself. The disposals of the industrialised imperialists tended to be dominated by the executive. This is another significant factor which encouraged these ex-colonial states to reject the democratically imperfect parliaments of the European imperialists in search of a fairer, to a greater extent typical system inspired by the ideas of Aristotle1.Therefore both the executive and legislative is elected separately and therefore have dual democratic legitimacy. Therefore uncompl ete body is accountable to the other such as in the British parliament, so there is no danger of one branch holding more than power and dominating the other. This ensures a more balanced disposal and one that more correctly expounds the political will of the public. The fact that there are bicameral and presidential elections makes the system much more representative and democratic then in the UK where only the legislature is elected. It also makes the political institution more on the table to the changing tide of public opinion. For instance if the British public becomes dissatisfied with its Labour judicature body after its election it may have to wait quin old age before they can vote against them, whereas in the US elections for at least one aspect of government occur every two years, enable government to better represent the contemporary political desires of its citizens.This arouses another key component of the presidential model it has set term times for its official s. For instance the President is in office for four years and can only be removed by being impeached by the congress, a very rare move. This gives the system a stability and removes the uncertainties of the parliamentary system where the threat of both the vote of confidence and anticipated elections always hang over the government. Anticipated elections though inducing a certain amount of uncertainty into the parliament, they also give the government a much greater flexibility then that of its American counterpart, enabling them to warp the political landscape of the parliament to react to the changing moods and reality of the domestic and international environment. New elections may be called before the obligatory five years for a number of reasons, for instance to strengthen a parties ruling majority, to introduce a new government if one cannot be created or becomes unworkable or to respond to crises such as a huge scandal in government.2In terms of elections in the Congress th e framers ensured that both houses of the bicameral legislative should be elected, in keeping with the founding democratic principles of the American constitution. This leads to a much fairer and representative governing of the people as all aspects of the legislative and presidency are elected by the people. However the relatively high number of elections may go some way to explaining the extremely low voting turn disclose of the American people, perhaps somewhat apathetic to elections they dismiss as commonplace and thus irrelevant.These dual Presidential and Congressional elections allow the opportunity for both a legislative and government division. If different parties occupy each house or the congress is united against the opposing administration there can be a divided government. This can lead to a deep division within the presidential system if the two sides disagree, it can be very difficult to act out legislation or concur on appointments to the Supreme Court3, famously described by Rauch under the term of demosclerosis. However, few examples of a unified government since WWII demonstrate that unification does not guarantee efficient, informed, timely and effective public policy4, as seen under Jimmy Carters administration and due to the individualist based reputation of US politics rather then party orientated. In fact the potential delays associated with dual democratic legitimacy ensures that policies are not hotfoot and are mutual accepted by both the executive and legislature.The third branch of the presidential system is the Supreme Court, yet Schubert has shown that it is only since 1957 has the supreme act began to exert its power over the congress and president by asserting its constitutional right to veto laws it deems unconstitutional. Previously to this the Supreme Court had only taken with(p) down Presidents actions fourteen times, failing to maintain an effective separation of power by undermining the system of balance and checks that the US model is based on.5A more independent and aggressive judiciary helps to ensure that the constitutional rights of the public are preserved and to limit the powers of the executive and legislative. However there still remains the force for a combined, presidential, congressional and federal over turning of the Supreme Court ruling so as to ensure the balance of power remains.Though the British parliament encompasses a number of similarities with the US model such as a bicameral legislative and three branched system, it still remains deep different in how these institutions are created and distributed. Most importantly only the legislative is democratically legitimate. This means that the executive originates from and is appointed by the legislative. This has a number of unfavorable implications. Without the potential legitimacy conflicts that may occur in America the government can rule much more efficiently and quickly then the grid locked Presidential model. However the executive is prevented from abusing this power by the fact they have no democratic power base and as such, are accountable to the legislative by a vote of confidence. This allows a flexibility in the parliamentary system that America lacks. If the government suffers from ineptitude, an unworkable hung government or national crisis the government can be expelled and new elections called. This has only occurred once in Britain in 1979 when the minority government of Labours Callaghan was removed with a vote of no confidence when the government had become hung and ineffective6.The UK also has an unelected head of state, albeit a de jure power role. Though this is extremely undemocratic when compared to the US system, monarchists argue that the royal family acts as a exemplary vessel for all the heritage and wisdom of the previous generations and is a fundamental institution of the British consciousness. The same can also be said for the unhorse house of the UKs bicameral legislat ive. The house of Lords is another unelected part of the parliament, albeit much less influential then the house of parliament. This gives the parliament a stability, in its continuity that the permanently changing congress lacks, even if this is at the expense of democratic inclusiveness.The house of Lords also acts as the highest judiciary court of the parliamentary system. They can repeal government decisions only by legal precedents as the UK has no constitution. This streamlines the political structure and thus reduces the opportunity for inter-branch conflict which would slow down and inhibit the mechanism of governing as demonstrated by the demosclerosis that occurs in the US. However this is an obvious merging of powers and allows room for the abuse of power and conflict of interests, and as such is a ripe flaw in the UK system.The traditional form that parliament or legislature takes is that of a majoriatarian, where there is one dominant party with a majority of seats (51 %plus). With Britains tradition of a ministers loyalty to their party and the finish up system, they have very disciplined parties compared to America. This allows the party with an absolute majority to pass their legislative quickly and efficiently. Whereas in the US, despite the importance of party labels, member of Congress are independent players who vote not primarily out of party loyalty but to submit their constituency and career interests7. This means that the fluidic environment of Congress relies on undisciplined parties in order for it to function in a divided government, the existence of a whip system in such a divided government would produce comprehensive grid lock.This is a final example of the inherent indigenous nature of politics, what works in one state may not work in another. This is evident in the wide spread failure of president democracies such as in South Vietnam. Americas attempts during the Cold War to remake the third world in its image have obviously been an over-riding disaster. Both these systems require a number of prerequisites in the nation they are being implemented in. America requires a lack of ideological rigidity, undisciplined parties and locally-orientated politics8, whereas Britain needs public respect to its political rulers and an allegiance to authority. So despite each systems blatant imperfections they are ideally suited to the two entirely different nations they exist in.

Dyslexia :: essays research papers

The discovery of Dyslexia which is a trouble in reading and visual centers in the brain comes from the Greek sacred scripture meaning poor with words, poor reading, or a disturbance of the exponent to read. Dyslexia can easily be treated with many programs that are out in that location today. A study was done at Georgetown University Medical Center in Washington ordains that people with dyslexia provoke a lower level of activity in the brains left inferior parietal. This area is important but in reading and in processing visual images. They have found that the right inferior parietal can be taught to compensate for the weakness in the left side of the brain. But this includes doing intense program of reading training. Most children are diagnosed after they have started reading. They struggle to hear, analyze and separate the individual phonemes in words. If two or more of these symptoms are in the family tree then you should have your child assessed for rough the age of 5-5 Delayed speech Mixing up sounds in multi-syllabic wordsInability to rhyme at age 4Lots of allergies stronger and more tough reactions to childhood illnesses than just or so other kids. Cant master tying shoes Confusion over versus right, over versus, before versus, after, and other directionally words and concepts need of dominant handedness Inability to correctly complete phonemic awareness tasks Difficulty learning the names of the letters or sounds in the alphabet difficulty writing the alphabet in orderAlthough people with Dyslexia have a unique brain structure and unusual writing make reading, writing, and spelling difficult, most people with dyslexia have gifts that are controlled by the right side of the brain. These kinds of people are also often gifted in the area of math. Because of their three-dimensional visual image skills it helps them to see math concepts more quickly and clearly than people that are non-dyslexic. They are also gifted inArtistic SkillAthletic a bilityMusical ability3-D visual spatial skillsmechanical skillvivid imaginationathletic abilitymath conception skillscreative, global viewcuriosity tenacitySo overall people that have Dyslexia lead very normal lives.There is no real cause for dyslexia. It is hard to say if it was inherited or not inherited. Even if your child has dyslexia she or he may never show any signs of it. Researchers believe that reading disabilities are about half due to heredity and half due to other factors (environment, individual experiences, education, upbringing, etc.

Huck :: essays research papers

whites were in inner conflict over their belief in a creed of equality and opportunity on the one hand, and their treatment of blacks on the other. Huckleberry Finn, the most influential novel dealing with black and white in America, Twain visualized a white whose conscience tells him it is sinful to rescue a black from slavery. it would be difficult to find a novel where the characters are more enthralled by money, driven by the search for it, ready to commit violence on its behalf, or more victimized by others disposition for it. when his conscience besieges him because he does not tell the slave hunters the truth, when he decides to go to hell rather than allow Jim to remain a slave, Huck and Jim, river and raft. Huck and Jim, planless down the river on their raft. The images are so familiar that it is easy to mistake familiarity for accessibility. In reality, the mythology they evoke is not easy to decipher, given that it identifies legendary black-white amity and unbounded, surrealistic freedom with a voyage that takes a fugitive slave ever further south. The nakedness of Huck and Jim when they are alone on the raft becomes a symbol of how they have shucked off the excrescences of the real world, their clothes, and have come as close as possible to the world of the spirit." The implication that skin color ceases to egress when the two are away from civilization--that they spontaneously move beyond color consciousness and see in each other only a color-free humanity.In Huckleberry Finn, slavery seems fixed, permanent, while everything else is in flux, transitory. Identities mutate as if in a dream, or nightmare. Huck, who forever picks up and moves on, is a master creator of identities.